Craps is a popular dice game where players bet on the outcome of rolling two dice. The game is known for its fast pace and wide variety of bets, making it a favorite in both casinos and informal settings.
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History of Craps
The origins of Craps trace back to an ancient game called Hazard, whose exact origin is unclear but may date back to the time of the Crusades. Hazard was popular among the aristocracy in London, where the term “crabs” referred to rolling a two or three with two dice, which were immediate losing numbers in Hazard’s first roll. The name “Craps” is derived from the French word “crabs” (or “krabs”), which later evolved into “creps” and eventually “craps.”
Some sources suggest that Hazard was introduced to New Orleans around 1805 by Bernard Xavier Philippe de Marigny de Mandeville, a young gambler and descendant of a wealthy colonial Louisiana family. Marigny allegedly simplified the game by making seven the key number, which is mathematically optimal for players. However, recent research suggests that Marigny played the original version of Hazard, which had already been known in America since the 17th century.
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John Scarne attributes the simplification of Hazard to unknown African American inventors who sped up the game and introduced various bets. The game, originally called “Pass” from the French word “pas” (step), became popular among lower social classes in the early 19th century. Field workers taught it to their friends, and boatmen spread it along the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Marigny even named a street in his newly developed district in New Orleans “Rue de Craps.”
Craps experienced a revival in popularity in the late 1830s but did not become a casino game until the 1890s. In 1907, dice manufacturer John H. Winn from Philadelphia introduced a betting layout that included the “Don’t Pass” bet alongside the “Pass” bet. This innovation, now used in nearly all modern casinos, encouraged casinos to use fair dice.
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During World War II, Craps became immensely popular among American soldiers, who played it in field conditions. After the war, Craps became the dominant casino game in Las Vegas and the Caribbean. After 1960, some casinos in Europe, Australia, and Macau began offering Craps, and since 2004, online casinos have expanded the game globally.
Rules of Craps
Craps is played in rounds, each consisting of two phases: “come-out” and “point.” The player rolling the dice is called the “shooter.” Other players can bet on the shooter’s roll outcome.
Phase 1: Come-Out Roll
The round begins with a “come-out” roll. The shooter rolls two dice toward the opposite wall of the table. The outcome determines the following:
- Roll of 7 or 11 (“natural”): “Pass Line” bets win, “Don’t Pass Line” bets lose.
- Roll of 2, 3, or 12 (“craps”): “Pass Line” bets lose, “Don’t Pass Line” bets win on 2 or 3, while a roll of 12 results in a push (tie).
- Roll of 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10: This number becomes the “point.”
Phase 2: Point
Once a “point” is established, the shooter must roll this number again before rolling a 7. If the shooter rolls the “point” number again, “Pass Line” bets win, and the round ends. If a 7 is rolled before the “point” number (“seven-out”), “Pass Line” bets lose, and the round ends.
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Additional Bets
Beyond the basic “Pass Line” and “Don’t Pass Line” bets, players can place various other wagers, such as “Come,” “Don’t Come,” “Place Bets,” “Field Bets,” and many more, each with its own specific rules and payouts.
Craps is a game with a high degree of randomness, but its rich history and diverse betting options make it fascinating for players worldwide.
